https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2673168
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30183509
Press release by UC San Diego Health: https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/Pages/2018-08-29-researcher-links-diplomats-mystery-illness-to-radiofrequency-microwave-radiation.aspx
Hoffer M.E., Levin B., Snapp H., Buskirk J., Balaban C. "Acute findings in an acquired neurosensory dysfunction" Laryng. Invest. Otolaryngology 2018
https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.231
Tests and results:
1. Visual and auditory reaction time. Cervical and occular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) metrics.
2. Computerized test of subjective visual vertical (SVV) consisting of aligning a line straight up and down as a test of the function of the utricle and saccule which are the inner ear organs that
sense acceleration and orientation of head to gravity. Result: High rate abnormality - 22/25, 88%
Conclusion:
Peripheral vestibular pathology affecting the otolithic organs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system "The vestibular system is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation." It is located in the inner ear. the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canals which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control eye movements, and to the muscles that keep an animal upright and in general control posture. The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision; while the projections to the latter provide the anatomical means required to enable an animal to maintain its desired position in space."
AP - Video by FoxNews (2018-12-12)
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2738552
Evaluations
1. Brain volume analysis (MRI volumetrics): white and gray matter volume, volumes of specific brain regions
2. Tissue microstructural integrity: diffusion tensor imaging, a category of diffusion MRI or dMRI which examines white matter (neural axons) tracts (cf. white matter tractography);
upon damage (including for instance damage to the myelin protective sheath) the diffusion of water is obstructed and becomes irregular i.e. anisotropic (of variant mode); to quantify diffusion we use
a tensor, an algebraic object which maps 3D coordinates
A comprehensive video on DTI is available at this link:
http://www.doctorsimaging.com/dti-diffuse-tensor-imaging/
3. Functional connectivity analysis: resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resting_state_fMRI; evaluation of auditory, visuospatial or executive control subnetworks;
Wikipedia: "A number of resting-state conditions are identified in the brain, one of which is the default mode network." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_mode_network (includes fMRI image)
"Neuroscientific Report on Quantitative MRI Volumetrics and Diffusion Tensor Imaging" | pdf: https://concussionfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Lenzi_DTI-Report_2019.pdf
1. Brain volume analysis (MRI volumetrics): white and gray matter volume, volumes of specific brain regions
2. Tissue microstructural integrity: diffusion tensor imaging, a category of diffusion MRI or dMRI which examines white matter (neural axons) tracts (cf. white matter
tractography); upon damage (including for instance damage to the myelin protective sheath) the diffusion of water is obstructed and becomes irregular i.e. anisotropic (of variant mode); to quantify
diffusion we use a tensor, an algebraic object which maps 3D coordinates
Protocol: Examination of 48 regions individually according the John Hopkins atlas
A comprehensive video on DTI is available at this link:
http://www.doctorsimaging.com/dti-diffuse-tensor-imaging/
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2020.00469/full