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Atomic Magnetometers
Atom Interferometers
Atomic antenna / Atomic radio
AC Stark effect or Autler–Townes effect
Splitting/spacing of spectral lines proportional to electric field amplitude Atomic spectroscopy & Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT)
Magnetic Resonance Current Density Imaging (MRCDI)
(MR-based Magnetometry)
Remote Sensing - Spectral Imaging
Laser/LIDAR remote magnetometry using mesospheric sodium and interrogation of Larmor precession
(proportional to magnetic field strength)
Laser/LIDAR remote magnetometry using oxygen and the Faraday effect
(rotation of light polarization proportional to magnetic field strength)
Laser/LIDAR remote magnetometry for underwater objects using the Faraday effect and the Surface Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (SMOKE)
Magnetography of Sun and other stars using Zeeman spectroscopy (splitting/spacing of magnetically sensitive spectroscopic lines)
Zeeman spectroscopy remote magnetometry using mesospheric oxygen and radiometers (ground or satellites)
Ionosphere as plasma
Plasma frequency and cyclotron frequency for electrons and ions
Electron sensing Measurement of electron content by GPS
Sensing with spectral broadening of atomic lines: Stark broadening, Doppler and resonance broadening
ULF/ELF/VLF generation with ionospheric heaters
Polar Electrojet (PEJ) antenna or Ionospheric Current Drive (ICD)
Ionospheric heaters
HF transmitters
Geomagnetic pulsations - ULF waves
Nervous system synchronization with geomagnetic field-line resonances