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Atomic Magnetometers
Atom Interferometers
Atomic antenna / Atomic radio
AC Stark effect or Autler–Townes effect
Splitting/spacing of spectral lines proportional to electric field amplitude Atomic spectroscopy & Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT)
Magnetic Resonance Current Density Imaging (MRCDI)
(MR-based Magnetometry)
Remote Sensing - Spectral Imaging
Laser/LIDAR remote magnetometry using mesospheric sodium and interrogation of Larmor precession
(proportional to magnetic field strength)
Laser/LIDAR remote magnetometry using oxygen and the Faraday effect
(rotation of light polarization proportional to magnetic field strength)
Laser/LIDAR remote magnetometry for underwater objects using the Faraday effect and the Surface Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (SMOKE)
Magnetography of Sun and other stars using Zeeman spectroscopy (splitting/spacing of magnetically sensitive spectroscopic lines)
Zeeman spectroscopy remote magnetometry using mesospheric oxygen and radiometers (ground or satellites)
Ionosphere as plasma
Electron & ion plasma frequencies & cyclotron frequencies
GPS measurement of electron content
Electron number increase (e.g. during storms) generates GPS/communication system interference
Electron sensing/characterization (diagnostics)
Includes use of spectral broadening of atomic lines: Stark broadening, Doppler and resonance broadening
ULF/ELF/VLF generation with ionospheric heaters
Polar Electrojet (PEJ) antenna or Ionospheric Current Drive (ICD)
Geomagnetic pulsations - ULF waves
Nervous system synchronization with geomagnetic field-line resonances
Molecule velocity measurement with LIDAR (Doppler-shift)
Ion and electron velocity measurement with ISR and LIDAR