Sensing
Sensing of Magnetic and Electric fields (Magnetometry and Electrometry)
Atomic Magnetometers
Atom Interferometers
Atomic antenna / Atomic radio
AC Stark effect or Autler–Townes effect
Splitting/spacing of spectral lines proportional to electric field amplitude
Atomic spectroscopy &
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT)
Magnetic Resonance Current Density Imaging (MRCDI)
(MR-based Magnetometry)
Remote Sensing - Spectral Imaging
Remote Sensing of Range (Distance, Position) and Velocity
RADAR
LIDAR
SONAR
Remote Sensing of Magnetic Fields - Remote Optical Magnetometry
LGS tech
Laser/LIDAR remote magnetometry using mesospheric sodium and interrogation of Larmor precession
(proportional to magnetic field strength)
Faraday effect
Laser/LIDAR remote magnetometry using oxygen and the Faraday effect
(rotation of light polarization proportional to magnetic field strength)
Faraday-SMOKE
Laser/LIDAR remote magnetometry for underwater objects using the Faraday effect and the Surface Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (SMOKE)
Zeeman spectroscopy
Magnetography of Sun and other stars using Zeeman spectroscopy (splitting/spacing of magnetically sensitive spectroscopic lines)
Zeeman spectroscopy
Zeeman spectroscopy remote magnetometry using mesospheric oxygen and radiometers (ground or satellites)
Ionosphere sensing and modification
Electron sensing (diagnostics) / electron characterization
GPS measurement of electron content
ULF/ELF/VLF wave generation with ionospheric heaters: Creating low frequencies from high frequency transmissions
Ionosphere as plasma
Electron & ion plasma frequencies & cyclotron frequencies
GPS measurement of electron content
Electron number increase (e.g. during storms) generates GPS/communication system interference
Electron sensing/characterization (diagnostics)
Includes use of spectral broadening of atomic lines: Stark broadening, Doppler and resonance broadening
ULF/ELF/VLF generation with ionospheric heaters
Polar Electrojet (PEJ) antenna or Ionospheric Current Drive (ICD)
Geomagnetic pulsations - ULF waves
Nervous system synchronization with geomagnetic field-line resonances
Molecule velocity measurement with LIDAR (Doppler-shift)
Ion and electron velocity measurement with ISR and LIDAR
Version imprimable